Army Digital Mapping Center Essay Example for Free

Armed force Digital Mapping Center Essay A Candidate must be either :(an) a resident of India or, (b) a subject of Nepal, or (c) a subject of Bhutan, or (d) a Tibetan outcast who came to India before first January 1962 with the aim of for all time settling in India, or (e) an individual of Indian source who has relocated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African nations Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania (once Tanganiyka and Zanzibar), Zambia, Malavi, Zair Ethiopa and Vietnam, with the aim of forever settling in India. Given that an applicant who has a place with classifications (b), (c), (d) and (e) above will be an individual in whose favor a testament for qualification has been given by the Govt of India. Note : The utilization of applicant for whose situation an endorsement of qualification is fundamental, might be considered in the Deptt, and whenever suggested for arrangement, the competitors may likewise be temporarily delegated dependent upon vital testament being given in support of himself by the Govt of India. Uses of the Candidates who doesn't satisfy the qualification rules will be out right and NO suggestion in such manner will be given to the applicants. Least Qualification 2. All candidates must satisfy the instructive prerequisites of the post, age and different conditions as specified in promotion. They are encouraged to fulfill themselves before applying that they have in any event the fundamental capability set down for applicable post. No enquiry for guidance in regards to qualification will be engaged. Note †I. The endorsed basic capabilities are least and the negligible ownership of the equivalent doesn't qualifies contender for be called for composed assessment. 2 Note †II. Where the quantity of uses got because of a commercial is enormous and it won't be helpful or feasible for the Deptt to call for composed test all the up-and-comers, the Deptt at their watchfulness may confine the quantity of applicants, to a sensible cutoff dependent on the imprints got in the passing assessment. In the event of evaluating framework, the up-and-comer must outfit change equation appropriately affirmed by the individual Board/Institute. . The up-and-comer should make reference to all the capabilities and involvement with the important field far beyond the base capabilities and ought to connect confirmed duplicates of the declaration in help thereof. Applicants must apply in the application in the organization distributed in this notice and top off all the segments in their own turn in BLOCK letters in the recommended position according to Annexure 1. 5. Applications on groups other than the one showed will be immediately dismissed. 6.

Banking Industry Meltdown Essay

Figure out which moral way of thinking (as talked about in section 6) is generally material to a comprehension of the financial business emergency Moral way of thinking in business is difficult to group, particularly in today’s monetary occasions where there are government bailouts, loss of paying employments, home abandonments and the terrible land showcase. The financial enterprises close to finish breakdown can be firmly connected to the home loan emergency that has hit the United States yet there are more profound issues that have lead to the financial business emergency. The banks acted with a selfishness moral way of thinking which has now and again been depicted like an advance sharking activity, simply lawful. The banks pay next to no enthusiasm to its storing individuals for enthusiasm bearing records like 1% or even not as much as that while simultaneously charging 15% to 35% on Visa adjusts. They do this on the grounds that there is no restriction set on financing c osts that a bank can charge by the government. The banks feel this is correct or adequate conduct as far as their individual money related organizations augmenting their own advantage. Because of these money related instruments set up by the banks and not consider the potential outcomes they introduced if shoppers defaulted on these credits. The defeat was never at any point analyzed by the banks or its financial specialists, and it came to find them in 2008-2009 with the monetary downturn. Nobody minded to think ahead, thinking they had an idiot proof arrangement that couldn’t come up short in light of the fact that the protection approach subordinates introduced. Banks and speculators conveyed themselves with Ego that showed they couldn’t come up short. In any case, as the case uncovered in 2008-2009 the lodging market tumbled because of customers not having the option to make installment on their variable rate contracts leaving the land advertise overheated. Since banks and financial specialists settled on choices that appeared to expand their own personal responsibility they acted in a selfishness moral way of thinking way. Examine the contextual analysis and recognize if the â€Å"white collar† violations carried out contrast in anyâ substantive way from other more â€Å"blue collar† wro ngdoings desk wrongdoings are primarily characterized as illegal acts sustained by an individual with a high and decent societal position over the span of their calling or occupation. This is essentially identified with the social thought relating the idea of cushy occupations to proficient fields In the advanced criminology field, desk violations is characterized and recognized based under two premise and reference to be specific by the kind of offense and the sort of wrongdoer. The main reference includes acts identified with property issues, financial viewpoint, law infringement and others are considered as salaried violations as these cases include proficient degree and culture. The second is based from the sort of guilty party wherein the social class and individual height of the criminal are thought of. A portion of the basic indications of this type of wrongdoing are extortion, pay off, PC wrongdoing, fabrication, insider exchanging theft, and others. â€Å"Blue neckline wrongdoings are taken a gander at in the more customary way as acts that are for the most part hostile and savage in a physical nature, for example, burglary, badgering, and murder. For this situation subordinates were the primary guilty party that were utilized to carry out the â€Å"white collar† violations against its casualties (partners and clients). The wrongdoings submitted by the banks as I would like to think were the same. Any wrongdoing is essentially an unlawful dem onstration that is illicit and taboo by the law in which is culpable, â€Å"blue collar† or â€Å"white collar,† the violations submitted I feel are the equivalent in any way. Despite the fact that the violations were not of a physical sort they despite everything made damage the individuals who were influenced by the wrongdoings that were submitted. Thus I feel that the â€Å"white collar† wrongdoings that were perpetrated were the same in a considerable way than â€Å"blue collar† violations that are submitted. Decide and talk about the job that corporate culture played in the financial business situation Corporate culture and social obligation is useful for business, as social, ecological, and moral issues have been progressively moving up the rundown of needs of business plans and methodology. Culture makes each association novel and bonds individuals from an association together. The way of life of the association confirms what practices and thoughts are satisfactory and proper. Corporate culture is characterized as a lot of qualities, standards, and relics, including methods of taking care of issues that individuals (workers) of an asso ciation share. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 2011). The corporate culture could haveâ played a tremendous job in the financial business situation as morals and social duty ought to be imperative to all organizations and representatives. The financial business had a choice to make and they decided to ignore their moral duties which added to the defeat of the financial business in 2008-2009. In the event that the banks had followed a progressively moral corporate culture they would have been less inclined to settle on the exploitative choices that they made. They ought to have clung to the convention and history of their individual money related foundations and thinks about their financial specialists, partners, and clients before settling on the choices that they made. In the event that they would have set aside the effort to do this they would have set aside the effort to additionally examine and assess the potential repercussions of their activities and conceivably search for choices that may have turned away the financial business emergency that followed. Hypothesize how pioneers inside the financial business could have utilized their impact to deflect the business emergency An absence of business morals is unquestionably incompletely to fault for the United States current monetary troubles, and it was the nonappearance or complete dismissal for them by the pioneers in the financial business that prompted the financial business emergency. Self-guideline ought not be belittled, as from it you get a solid corporate culture that mentions to pioneers what is good and bad, prompting the thought of themselves (the financial foundation) however the speculators, partners, and clients. The vanity reasoning which I feel the banks received would have been supplanted with to a greater degree an utilitarianism theory settling on choices that would profit the most people included. The pioneers in the financial business were the exact inverse of what we are calling them â€Å"leaders,† supposing that they assumed the liability and genuinely drove they could have utilized their height to impact choices that could have help keep away from the financial business emergency. Follow the pioneer; is the thing that I relate this specific circumstance to, as though banking industry pioneers would have stood up and put their voice to doing the privilege moral thing setting the standard for themselves and their bank as well as the others they could have adverted the financial emergency. Follow the pioneer; is the thing that I relate this specific circumstance to, as though banking industry pioneers would have stood up and put their voice to doing the privilege moral thing setting the standard for themselves and their bank(s), however the others they could have adverted the financial emergency. Theâ leaders could have utilized the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to back their c hoice and ought to have taken a greater stand. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is a bookkeeping managing measure to guarantee effective corporate administration and keeping up the certainty of financial specialists. It likewise necessitates that the organizations to accept accountability for straightforwardness in monetary announcing. On the off chance that the pioneers would have stood firm they could have set a norm and impacted the financial business to settle on better choices. In the event that the pioneers inside the financial business would have utilized their impact they could have turn away the business emergency. I won't state that these activities will have turned away the emergency as nobody can foresee the future as anything could occur, everything we can do is to sanely and morally assess every single imaginable situation, create and actualize plans to attempt to forestall emergencies like the one of every 2008-2009. Book reference http://www.hrmreport.com/article/Business-morals is-inseparably connected to-the-current-monetary emergency/Thomas, Huw November 29, 2012 Principles for upgrading corporate administration, October 2010, ISBN 92-9131-844-2 (print); http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs176.pdf Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., and Ferrell, L. (2008). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases US: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Haig, M. (2005). http://www.frbsf.org/news/discourses/2009/0416.html, Conference on the State of the U.S. also, World Economiesâ€â€Å"Meeting the Challenges of the Financial Crisis† By Janet L. Yellen, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, April 16, 2009

5 Books About Women in Tech

5 Books About Women in Tech As a woman in software development, I often think about ways to encourage and support other women who want to get involved in tech. One of those ways is by reading books about women in tech. This issue is particularly important because of the disparity of genders in the field. Studies have found this gap in gender begins at a young age. According to TechCrunch, 74% of young girls expressed interest in STEM fields and computer science, yet only 18% of computer science degrees are held by women. This suggests that somewhere along their journey to college, those girls were somehow deterred. The issue doesn’t improve once women hit the workforce. The rate at which women quit the tech field is double to that of men. This is not due to a lack of skill. If women are to get into and remain in tech, there needs to be drastic structural and cultural changes. However, these changes rarely occur all at once, so to start it may help for individuals to learn about and be aware of the stories of others. Heres five books about women in tech to get started.   *All synopses from Goodreads. Life in Code by Ellen Ullman “When Ellen Ullman moved to San Francisco and became a computer programmer in the late 1970s, she was joining an idealistic, exclusive, and almost exclusively male cadre that had dreams and aspirations to change the world…In Life in Code, Ullman presents a series of essays that unlock and explainâ€"and don’t necessarily celebrateâ€"how we got to now.” Read this if you want an introspective look at the last twenty years in tech from the viewpoint of a strong and accomplished woman who has been in the field from the beginning. Reset  by Ellen Pao “In 2015, Ellen K. Pao sued a powerhouse Silicon Valley venture capital firm, calling out workplace discrimination and retaliation against women and other underrepresented groups. Her suit rocked the tech worldâ€"and exposed its toxic culture and its homogeneity. Ellen K. Paos Reset is a rallying cryâ€"the story of a whistleblower who aims to empower everyone struggling to be heard, in Silicon Valley and beyond.” Read this if a) you want to understand the issue of toxic atmospheres that exist in many of the venture capital firms that fuel startup companies, or b) you want to feel empowered to stand up for yourself and fight back, despite the odds being stacked against you. Girls Who Code by Reshma Saujani “Since 2012, the organization Girls Who Code has been leading the charge to get girls interested in technology and coding. Now its founder, Reshma Saujani, wants to inspire you to be a girl who codes! Bursting with dynamic artwork, down-to-earth explanations of coding principles, and real-life stories of girls and women working at places like Pixar and NASA, this graphically animated book shows what a huge role computer science plays in our lives and how much fun it can be.” Read this if you have young girls in your life who might have an interest in the STEM fields or computer science. Hell, show this to them even if they don’t have an existing interest. Change starts with exposing women to the field from a young age and continuing to support them as they grow. Brotopia  by Emily Chang “For women in tech, Silicon Valley is not a fantasyland of unicorns, virtual reality rainbows, and 3D-printed lollipops, where millions of dollars grow on trees. Its a Brotopia, where men hold all the cards and make all the rules. Vastly outnumbered, women face toxic workplaces rife with discrimination and sexual harassment, where investors take meetings in hot tubs and network at sex parties. In this powerful exposé, Bloomberg TV journalist Emily Chang reveals how Silicon Valley got so sexist despite its utopian ideals…” Read this if a) you liked Ellen Pao’s book for its exposure of the toxic workplace environments that women in tech face, or b) you want to learn about how to take down the boy’s club in Silicon Valley. Female Innovators at Work: Women on Top of Tech by Danielle Newnham “This book describes the experiences and successes of female innovators and entrepreneurs in the still largely male-dominated tech-world in twenty candid interviews. It highlights the varied life and career stories that lead these women to the top positions in the technology industry that they are in now.” Read this if you want to read and learn from a wide range of perspectives of women in tech. Do you have any favorite stories about women in tech? Share them in the comments below!

Indulgences and their Role in the Reformation

An ‘indulgence’ was part of the medieval Christian church, and a significant trigger to the Protestant Reformation. Basically, by purchasing an indulgence, an individual could reduce the length and severity of punishment that heaven would require as payment for their sins, or so the church claimed. Buy an indulgence for a loved one, and they would go to heaven and not burn in hell. Buy an indulgence for yourself, and you neednt worry about that pesky affair youd been having. If this sounds like cash or good deeds for less pain, that is exactly what it was. To many holy people like German friar Martin Luther (1483–1546), this was against the teachings of the founder Jesus (4 BCE–33 CE), against the idea of the church, and against the point of seeking forgiveness and redemption. At the time Luther acted against indulgences, he was not alone in seeking change. Within a few years, European Christianity split apart during the revolution of the Reformation. The Development of Indulgences The medieval western Christian church—the Eastern Orthodox church followed a different path—included two key concepts which allowed indulgences to occur. Firstly, parishioners knew that after they died they were going to be punished for the sins they accumulated in life, and this punishment was only partly erased by good works (like pilgrimage, prayers or donations to charity), divine forgiveness, and absolution. The more an individual had sinned, the greater the punishment awaited them. Secondly, by the medieval era, the concept of purgatory had been developed. Rather than being damned to hell after death, a person would go to purgatory, where they would suffer whatever punishment was required to wash off the stain of their sins until they were freed. This system invited the creation of a method by which sinners could reduce their punishments, and as the idea of purgatory emerged, the pope gave bishops the power to reduce sinners penance while they were still alive, based on the performance of good deeds. It proved a highly useful tool to motivate a worldview where the church, God,  and sin were central. The indulgence system was formalized by Pope Urban II (1035–1099) during the Council of Clement in 1095. If an individual performed enough good deeds to earn a full or ‘Plenary’ indulgence from the Pope or lesser ranks of churchmen, all their sins (and punishment) would be erased. Partial indulgences would cover a lesser amount, and complex systems developed in which the church claimed they could calculate to the day how much sin a person had canceled. In time, much of the churchs work was done in this way: During the Crusades (instigated by Pope Urban II), many people participated on this premise, believing they could go and fight (often) abroad in return for their sins being canceled. Why They Went Wrong This system of reducing sin and punishment worked well to get the work of church done, but then it went, to the eyes of many reformers, hideously wrong. People who didn’t, or couldn’t, go on the crusades began to wonder whether some other practice might allow them to earn the indulgence. Perhaps something financial? So the indulgence came to be associated with people buying them, whether by offering to donate sums to charitable works, or by constructing buildings to praise the church and all the other ways money could be used. That practice began in the 13th century and was so successful that soon both government and church could take a percentage of the funds for their own uses. Complaints about selling forgiveness spread. A wealthy person could even buy indulgences for their ancestors, relatives, and friends who were already dead. The Division of Christianity Money had infested the indulgence system, and when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses in 1517 he attacked it. As the church attacked him back he developed his views, and indulgences were squarely in his sights. Why, he wondered, did the church need to accumulate money when the Pope could, really, just free everyone from purgatory by himself? The church fragmented under the stress, with many new sects throwing the indulgence system entirely out. In response and while not canceling the underpinnings, the Papacy banned the sale of indulgences in 1567 (but they still existed within the system). Indulgences were the trigger to centuries of bottled up anger and confusion against the church and allowed it to be cleaved into pieces. Sources and Further Reading Bandler, Gerhard. Martin Luther: Theology and Revolution. Trans., Foster Jr., Claude R. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.  Bossy, John. Christianity in the West 1400–1700. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 1985.  Gregory, Brad S. Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.  Marius, Richard. Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Roper, Lyndal. Martin Luther: Renegade and Prophet. New York: Random House, 2016.

John Coolidge, Calvin Coolidge And The President Of The...

He was born on July, 4th, 1872 and in Plymouth North, Vermont and died on January 5th, 1933 in Northampton, Massachusetts, and they couldn’t tell if he was dead or not because of his shy personality and many people questioned it. He was known for many names like, John Calvin Coolidge, Calvin Coolidge, and John Coolidge. He was a farmer, and his mom died when he was 12 and then his sister died a few years following. His son Calvin Jr, died from an infected splinter, he had 2 children and was known as a strict father. In 1905, he married Grace Anna Goodhue, who was a teacher for the deaf. He went to Amherst College and graduated in 1895. He was a lawyer. He liked to ride mechanical horses as much as he could, and when he would do it, he would act like he was a cowboy. He was the 30th president of the United States and was president from 1923 to 1929. He was a Republican. In the office he was known for his quiet demeanor which was called, â€Å"Silent Cal.† And he was also called â€Å"Smiley.† He was nominated in 1924. During the election, he didn’t just win the presidency but he also won the popular vote by 25 million more votes over his opponent(s) combined total. He was the first president to attend cabinet meeting and had addressed congress in December giving the first presidential speech to be broadcasted to the nation on the radio. Coolidge’s polices were strict. He refused to do a lot of things. During his presidency the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was happening. He refused to recognizeShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Calvin Coolidge1083 Words   |  4 PagesCalvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge, many young people have not heard the name Calvin Coolidge as theyre growing up. President Coolidge has earned the right of not being very known. He was known as â€Å"Silent Cal† because of the fact that he never really talked that much and because of his quiet demeanor. Because of this, he chose not to seek his second term. John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in the town of Plymouth Notch, Vermont on the 4th of July of 1872 to John Coolidge Sr. and Victoria JosephineRead MoreA Brief Lool at John Quincy Adams1051 Words   |  4 Pagessixth president of the United States of America named, John Quincy Adams. John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767 in the town of Braintree, Massachusetts, which is now called Quincy, Massachusetts. Quincy is known as the City of Presidents because John Quincy and his father, John Adams both grew up in Quincy. However the town is named after Colonel John Quincy, who is Abigail Adams Father. Abigail Adams is John Quincy Adams mother, she named her son after her father. President AdamsRead MoreCalvin Coolidge Essay1817 Words   |  8 PagesCALVIN COOLIDGE John Calvin Coolidge, thirtieth President of the United States, was a quiet but brave man. His primary focus was on domestic issues within the United States. His childhood was hard, he pulled through and his life was a mirror of his strength. Calvin Coolidge did great things which were reflected in his personal life, his political upbringing, and his presidency until his death. Calvin Coolidge was born on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth Notch, Virginia. He was named after hisRead MoreEssay on Calvin Coolidge1943 Words   |  8 Pages On August 2, 1923, Calvin Coolidge was vacationing at his fathers home at Plymouth,Vermont when one night he was awakened by the tragic news of Warren Hardings death. Harding ,who had been on a public speaking tour of the West, when his health began to deteriorate, tried poorly to alleviate the scandal that have been plaguing his presidency. Praying by candlelight, Coolidge descended the stairs to the plain living room of his fathers house, lighted only by two kerosene lamps. Upon an old woodenRead Moreap us history dbq1672 Words   |  7 Pagesattempted or achieved all of the following EXCEPT C.:-) supported the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. 3.The â€Å"New Immigration† was made up primarily of D.:-) persons from Southern and Eastern Europe. 4.By â€Å"normalcy† President Warren G. Harding meant not only peace after the recent war but also C.:-) an end to idealistic crusades and efforts at large-scale reform 5.Which of the following words best describes the spirit of American intellectuals in the 1920s? A. Read MoreThe Roaring Twenties Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesTwenties† encapsulates a captivating story that began with the return of young soldiers from the front of World War I. Those who had once courageously sacrificed their lives for America came home. They came home to adopt a new, regenerated lifestyle. President Warren Harding had inspired a resurgence of optimism and hope. So what was the next step in their lives? After dedicating themselves to the war effort, it was time to settle down. These men and women came back exhausted from the strenuous hardshipRead MorePresidents of The United States: The Short List2316 Words   |  10 Pagesthe United States 32nd president and was known by the initials FDR. He is recorded to be the most cosmopolitan individual American to have entered the white house and the only president to have served for more than two terms. According to the Siena Research Institute survey conducted a year after taking office by a new president, Fra nklin D. Roosevelt for the last five surveys (1982, 1990, 1994, 2002, and 2010) has been ranked as the top chief executive of all the times that the United States hasRead MoreSurprise, Security, And The American Experience980 Words   |  4 PagesSecret America: The Rise of the New American Security State. There are some books who are against America that don t hesitate to compare it to evil countries like Germany during ww2. Then there are book that claim that the CIA was actually behind the 9/11 attacks. Then there is Surprise, Security, and the American Experience, a non bias attempt to analyze America foreign policy in its real context and without any unwanted criticism. The author is John Lewis Gaddis, a historian of the cold war, who taughtRead MoreRoaring Twenties Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThe twenties were the age of everything. It has been called the decade of enjoyment, employment, and for some, disappointment. The 20s were a decade to remember and it had an impact on the people living through it. During the 1920s the United States was in an economic high point. Following World War I people had more money to spend due to the wartime boom in the economy. People were able to buy products on credit, and pay small installments later. This process allowed people more freedomRead MoreEssay about Believing in the Paranormal1616 Words   |  7 Pagesof Americas most famous hauntings is believed to be that of the Bell Witch. The paranormal activities took place on American land now know as Adams, Tennessee. In 1817 1 when John Bell was working in his cornfields, he claimed to have seen an animal figure, one that appeared to have a dogs body and a rabbits head, and after shooting at it several times, the figure simply vanished. That evening, after returning to his home

Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour †Tantrums and Biting) Free Essays

Focus It is important to remember that almost all young children display stages of â€Å"inappropriate† or challenging behaviours such as biting, tantrums, clinging or hitting at various times in their development. These behaviours are usually short-lived and typically improve with guidance and age. There are some children, however, whose challenging behaviours may increase and result in injury to self or others, cause damage to property, interfere with acquiring new skills and/or social isolation. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This report investigates the possible causes for challenging behaviors (focusing primarily on tantrums and biting) in infants, toddlers and young children and positive child guidance strategies that are important as the basis for intervention and prevention. It is important to intervene in such a way that appropriate, pro-social behaviors are taught, modeled, and reinforced to ensure lifelong success. 18 June 2011 J M Badenhorst-Awasthi ID: 20090950 Introduction On average about 10 % of children younger than five display challenging behaviours (Tremblay, 2000). There has been an increase of children exhibiting challenging behaviours serious enough for parents and teachers to get concerned about disrupting family functioning and classroom routines (Powell, Dunlap and Fox, 2006). It is necessary for parents and teachers (adults) to work collaboratively in identifying causes of challenging behaviour and implementing relevant positive child guidance strategies that will promote pro-social and acceptable behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Pro-social / Acceptable Behaviour Conroy and Brown (2004) highlight the following skills or pro-social behaviours that children should acquire before the age of five (on average): Getting along with others Following directions Regulating and identifying emotions Conflict resolutions / solutions Persisting on a task Engaging in social conversations Cooperative play Positive Child Guidance [PCG] An increasingly familiar term in the field of Early Childhood Education is â€Å"Positive Child Guidance†. PCG techniques, instead of Punitive Discipline Techniques are endorsed by experts as the best way to respond to challenging behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002; Miller, 2007). PCG is a process wherein adults use certain strategies, e. g. reasoning, giving choices, problem-solving, negotiation and redirection, when dealing with challenging behaviour (Miller, 2007; Porter, 2003). Challenging behaviours (e. g. tantrums and biting) are seen as an opportunity for negotiation, learning and resolution, instead of something that requires children to be disciplined or punished for (Berk, 2006; Miller, 2007). Factors that influence challenging behaviour According to Flicker and Hoffman (2004) there are various factors that influence challenging behaviour: ? ? ? ? ? Emotional: boredom, anxiety, low self-esteem, fear, overstimulation Family: sibling rivalry, divorce, domestic violence, abuse Classroom: overcrowding, too much clutter, excessive noise Physical: hunger, fatigue, illness, soiled nappy Learning difficulties: speech and language, ADD/ADHD Environmental: poor housing, poverty, community violence Before deciding on the most effective guidance strategy it is v ery important for adults to consider the (potential) contributing factors. PCG is not a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach. It involves developing a close, trusting relationship with the children and parents and â€Å"individualizing† approaches (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). TANTRUMS Definition A tantrum / temper tantrum is an emotional outburst, usually associated with children that are in emotional distress. Typical characteristics are crying, screaming, defiance, anger, stubbornness, ranting, resisting attempts to be pacified and sometimes hitting or kicking (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums most commonly happen when children believe (wrongly or rightly) that their wants (not necessarily their needs) are not being met (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1996). Typically tantrums will occur in children aged between 16 months and three / four years (Berk, 2006). Influencing Factors The physical environment may affect young children’s behaviour, e. g. inadequate space, noise levels and traffic patterns in the classroom (Miller, 2007; Strain and Hemmeter, 1999). Classroom schedules and routines may be a factor. Children need routines but with some flexibility. It is often the transition times that prove most problematic (Miller, 2007). Children might learn (after the first tantrum) that it is an effective way to get what they want and therefore keep repeating this behaviour (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Tantrums might occur when a child wants a toy that is being used by another child (jealousy) (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Often tantrums will happen when an adult says â€Å"no† to a child e. g. when changing or leaving an activity or fun place (e. g. when it’s time for tea / lunch) or when asked to do something they don’t want to do (e. g. cleaning up) (Tremblay, 2002). A CNN Health Report concluded that there are neurological influences for tantrums. The prefrontal cortex, (part of the brain), which is responsible for emotional and social regulation is not yet developed in children and they are therefore less likely to have the required skills to negotiate a more controlled behaviour (New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 2003). Positive Child Guidance Strategies Teachers should make use of observations to establish which factor(s) is/are influencing tantrums. Only by understanding the factor can appropriate strategies be applied (Miller, 2007). There should be minimal disruptive transitions and fair warning before it occurs. Ensure children know the routine. Teachers should model and praise appropriate behaviour (Miller, 2007). Adults should not give up / give in when a child has a tantrum. Children might learn that a tantrum is an effective and immediate means of getting what they want. Other children might learn and copy this behaviour (Alter and Conroy, 2006). Careful planning is very important. Teachers should identify potential triggers and formulate solutions in advance (MoE, 1996). Children with a tendency for tantrums should be encouraged to do relaxing activities such as water play, play dough or the sandpit. It is inappropriate to expect toddlers to sit for long periods of time or to engage in large group activities. It is better to arrange short, engaging mat times and small group activities (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). It is important to have enough toys so that all children have an opportunity to play at the same time. Some centres will deliberately have less toys to encourage problem-solving and negotiation skills. Through observations teachers should identify high interest toys and possible tantrums (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). BITING Definition Biting is a distressing and common behaviour for children aged between fourteen months and two years (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Influencing Factors Probably the most common factor for biting is that children of this age are frustrated when they are unable to use words to communicate their needs or wants. Toddlerhood is a time of strong emotions and few words. It is a time of many changes and the feelings (coupling these changes) can sometimes lead to biting (Berk, 2006). Changes that bring about strong emotions and stress can makes children more prone to biting, e. g. otty training, transitioning to a different room (age group in the centre) or a new sibling (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Sometimes infants and young toddlers might bite when they are teething. Biting eases the irritation and pain of teething (Berk, 2006; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Hunger and thirst could also be an influencing factor (Berk, 2006). Infants use biting and sucking as a means of exploring and making sense of the physical world. Most objects (that is big enough) will go into an infant/ toddler’s mouth (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Sometimes children bite when they actually want to kiss someone (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Biting may occur when children are seeking attention. This behaviour mostly causes disturbance and focuses the adult’s attention on the child who bites. Children could also investigate / experiment the cause and effect of biting – seeing / testing what will happen when biting (Conroy and Brown, 2004). Positive Child Guidance Strategies It is important for adults to talk to the child and acknowledge that these changes can be difficult and give the child the opportunity to express their feelings appropriately (Berk, 2006; Alter and Conroy, 2006). Teachers can ask the parents if the child has a favourite â€Å"teething toy†. For toddlers a teething ring / toy can be pinned to their clothes (attached to a short string) and older children can carry a toy in their pockets. Adults should encourage children to use it when they feel like biting. Some children are comforted by a frozen teething toy as this numbs the area and eases discomfort more. For infants and toddlers the adult can wet a cloth and put it in the freezer. The child can easily suck and chew on this (Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003). Toddlers and young children should not go for more than two hours without food. It is also important that adults regularly offer children liquids as well. To ease late morning tendency of biting adults can offer a mid-morning snack that is crunchy and chewy such as pretzels, rice crackers or biscuits (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Adults should ensure that the objects that infants play with are not small enough to swallow. To measure the size of objects try fitting it inside a toilet paper roll. If it fits then it is too small. Adults should ensure that appropriate teething toys are available (Slee and Hemmeter, 1999). Teach children the appropriate way of showing affection. How to kiss or hug can be taught. Children should first be taught to consider whether children want a hug or kiss. Adults should teach children to listen to the words that people use when they don’t want to be kissed (Conroy and Brown, 2004). To teach the child who has bitten empathy get him/her involved in calming and caring for the person who was bitten (e. g. getting an ice pack). If they see the obvious pain and discomfort and adults asking prompting questions it might discourage a child from biting again (Porter, 2003). Factors and Strategies for both Tantrums and Biting There are some factors that may lead to both tantrums and biting which include boredom or frustration when children are not adequately engaged with peers, teachers or materials and activities in the centre or at home. Adults should ensure that the materials and activities are engaging, challenging and entertaining for all ages and stages of development. Children should be given a choice of activities which may minimize boredom or frustration (Porter, 2003). Feelings of jealousy or the need for love / attention could also cause tantrums and biting. It is important that adults treat each child equally and fairly. Adults should be consistent in PCG strategy so children can know the boundaries, expectations and acceptable behaviour (Flicker and Hoffman, 2002). . There is a relationship between language inefficiency and challenging behaviours. Children with a language inability will often use tantrums or biting (although inappropriate) to communicate their needs (Hemmeter and Ostrosky, 2006). Hyter (2003) suggest that adults should help develop language skills through songs, repetitions and reading books (See Appendix C) so that children can express themselves verbally instead of resorting to tantrums or biting (Porter, 2003). Conclusion This report highlighted various factors that influence challenging behaviour (tantrums and biting). For this reason adults (teachers and parents) should work collaboratively in identifying the influencing factor(s) and applying the most effective and appropriate prevention and intervention strategies to increase compliance and the child’s development of self regulation and appropriate pro-social behaviours (Berk, 2006; Fox, Dunlap and Cushing, 2002; Kaiser and Rasminsky, 2003; Miller, 2007 ). How to cite Positive Child Guidance (Managing Challenging Behaviour – Tantrums and Biting), Papers

The differences between going to university and working after high school graduation free essay sample

Going to university or working after high school graduation After graduating from high school, students have to decide whether to go for higher education in university or start working immediately. This decision will mark an important milestone in their life due to the distinctions between these two options. There are several differences that worth considering. Firstly, knowledge can be seen as an obvious one. Students only learn fundamental knowledge during high school while they can acquire further understanding in their own interested major in university. What they get from high school may not relate to their job; by contrast, in university they are trained to work in particular fields such as science, law, economics, etc. In addition, exposing early to the real working world helps them gain more practical experiences compared with university life. Working after high school also differs from studying in university mentioning to financial aspects. Instead of earning a living and becoming independent of parents, students have to pay for tuition fees, living cost for at least 4 years before get a full time job and live on their own. We will write a custom essay sample on The differences between going to university and working after high school graduation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of future career, low education level means difficulties in salary and employment. On the other hand, having a bachelor’s degree will ensure a well-paid job and the chance of gaining promotion in the future. In conclusion, going to university or working after high school graduation will drive students’ life into two separate ways in regard to knowledge and financial aspects. It is very important for each individual to ponder before choosing the most suitable path to success in the future.